How AI Makes Decisions: Algorithms, Data and Power (DUPLICATE)

  AI systems already make real decisions, what you see on social media, whether an application gets a second look, what price you’re shown online. In this challenge, you’ll investigate how those decisions actually get made.  

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How AI Makes Decisions: Algorithms, Data and Power (DUPLICATE)

Your Mission
Explain how AI genuinely learns — and why that’s very different from how you learn.
You’ll investigate what training data does, test what happens when that data is limited or flawed, and create one clear finished piece that explains how machine learning really works.
The Shape of This Challenge
Discover
✏️ 🗣️ Compare & question
Explore
🔎 🖐️ Investigate & test
Create
✏️ 💻 Make your case
Reflect
🗣️ Think & apply

Discover

Start with the biggest difference: humans and machines don’t learn in the same way.

Step 1

Human Learning vs Machine Learning

✏️ Paper first · 5–8 mins

We are learning to
compare how humans and AI learn to recognise things.

A human can often learn from surprisingly few examples. Machine-learning systems usually need far more data to recognise useful patterns reliably.

Your Task
  1. Draw two columns: How Humans Learn and How AI Learns.
  2. Choose something simple — recognising a cat, understanding a word or identifying a song.
  3. Write how you think a person learns it and how an AI system might learn it.
  4. Circle the biggest difference you notice.
Example: a child may recognise a cat after seeing a handful of different cats. An image-recognition model might be trained using thousands or millions of labelled images.

I can
identify at least one genuine difference between human learning and machine learning.

→ This gives you the opening comparison for your final explanation.
Critical Thinking
AI Literacy
Comparison

Step 2

Why Does AI Need Data?

🗣️ Talk it through · 5–8 mins

We are learning to
understand why the examples an AI learns from shape what it can do.

Machine learning works by finding patterns in examples. Change the examples and you can change what the system learns.

Your Task
  1. Imagine an AI image system has only ever learned from photographs taken during daylight.
  2. Predict what might happen when it tries to recognise or create a night scene.
  3. Explain your reasoning to someone else.
  4. Finish this sentence: “Training data matters because…”

I can
explain why the data used to train an AI affects what it becomes good — and bad — at doing.

→ This gives you the key idea of training data for your final piece.
Communication
AI Literacy
Reasoning

Explore

Go beyond the theory and investigate what training data changes in practice.

Step 3

Find AI Learning in the Real World

🔎 Choose your route · 8–12 mins

We are learning to
connect training data to something a real AI system can actually do.

Pick the level of investigation that works for you.

⚡ Quick TrackChoose an AI system you already know — such as recommendations, image generation, translation or a chatbot. Write down what examples or data you think it must have learned from and one thing those examples help it do.

🔎 Dig DeeperOpen an approved AI research tool and paste: “Give me one specific, well-documented example of an AI or machine-learning system and explain what type of training data it learned from, what pattern it learned, and what that allows the system to do. Give me a credible original source I can check.” Open the source and verify at least two details.

I can
give a real or well-reasoned example connecting training data to an AI capability.

→ This becomes the real-world evidence in your final explanation.
Research
Verification
AI-Assisted Research

Step 4

What Happens When the Data Is Flawed?

🖐️ Test the idea · 8–10 mins

We are learning to
understand how limited, unbalanced or incorrect data can produce unreliable AI behaviour.

AI does not automatically know when its experience of the world is incomplete.

Your Task
  1. Choose one AI system: recruitment, facial recognition, recommendations, translation or image generation.
  2. Imagine its training data misses an important group, situation or type of example.
  3. Describe one mistake or unfair outcome that could result.
  4. Add one thing a human could do to reduce that risk.
Example: if a speech-recognition system is trained mostly on a narrow range of voices or accents, it may perform less reliably for people whose speech was poorly represented in the training data.

I can
explain how a weakness in training data can become a weakness in an AI system.

→ This gives you the critical-thinking part of your final explanation.
Critical Thinking
Ethical Reasoning
AI Literacy

Create

Turn what you’ve discovered into something another person could understand.

Step 5

Explain How AI Really Learns

✏️ Plan first · 💻 Then create · 25–40 mins

We are learning to
combine evidence and reasoning into one clear explanation for another person.

Your finished piece should answer three things: How does AI learn? How is that different from human learning? Why does the training data matter?

Before You Create
  1. Write your opening sentence on paper.
  2. Choose your strongest comparison from Step 1.
  3. Choose one real example from Step 3.
  4. Include one warning or limitation from Step 4.
🧩 One-Page Explainer
1 page · around 40–50 words + visuals
⏱ 25–30 mins

Create a poster or infographic showing training data → patterns → output alongside your human-vs-AI comparison.

📊 Presentation
3–4 slides · maximum 25–30 words per slide
⏱ 30–40 mins

Build a short deck that explains the process, your real example and what can happen when training data is weak.

🎥 Video or Podcast
60–90 seconds final runtime
⏱ 30–40 mins

Explain AI learning as if you were correcting someone who thinks AI “learns just like a person”.

I can
create a clear finished explanation showing how AI learns from data, how that differs from human learning and why the quality of the data matters.

→ This is your finished mission output.
Content Creation
Communication
Planning
AI Literacy

Step 6

Reflect, Apply, Look Forward

🗣️ Talk or think quietly · 5–8 mins

We are learning to
connect what we now know about AI learning to how we use and judge AI ourselves.

ReflectWhat surprised you most about how AI actually learns?

ApplyHow might knowing about training data change the way you judge an AI answer or output?

Look ForwardWhat would you now want to know about the data behind an AI system before trusting it?

I can
use what I’ve learned about training data to ask better questions about AI systems.

→ You’ve completed the challenge. Your finished piece should now explain AI learning rather than simply describe AI.
Reflection
Digital Citizenship
Critical Thinking

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TOOLKIT

Any AI tool for the dig deeper option in Step 3.

Educator / Parent Notes

Age, Stage and Prior Learning: S1-S3, Foundation level. Builds naturally on the earlier challenges in this series, though it can be delivered on its own.
Before You Start: No specific materials needed beyond a device for the dig deeper option in Step 3.
How to Open This: "AI already makes real decisions, what you see on social media, whether an application gets noticed. Today we're figuring out how those decisions actually get made, and who that gives power to."
Scheduling: Natural pause point after Step 4, before Step 5, matching the rest of the series.
If a Pupil Gets Stuck: If a pupil struggles with 'what is an algorithm' in Step 1, use the worked example (a recipe as a simple algorithm) and build from there.
For Fast Finishers: Ask fast finishers to think of one decision they'd genuinely want a human to make instead of an AI, and why.
Marking Guidance: Judge Step 5 against: a genuine explanation of algorithmic decision-making, a real example used as evidence, and clear reasoning about power.

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