Taylor Swift, Spotify and Algorithms: How Does Spotify Know What You’ll Listen To Next?

  When a music app recommends a song, it can feel as if the platform knows your taste. In reality, recommendation systems use data and patterns to make predictions about what you may want next. You will model simple recommendation ideas, investigate what real platforms disclose and evaluate how personalisation can influence discovery. By the […]

Taylor Swift on stage Speak Now World Tour - Sydney March 9th, 2012
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Taylor Swift, Spotify and Algorithms: How Does Spotify Know What You’ll Listen To Next?

Your Mission
Build a simple model of how music recommendation algorithms turn behaviour into personalised suggestions — and question what gets left out.
You will identify behavioural data, test two pattern-matching ideas, verify how real systems are described and create an explainer that includes both benefits and limitations.
The Shape of This Challenge
Discover
✏️ ️ Notice & question
Explore
️ Investigate & test
Create
✏️ Make & communicate
Reflect
️ Think & apply

Discover

Start with the data created by ordinary listening behaviour.
Step 1

What Can a Platform Learn From Behaviour?

✏️ Data detective · 8–10 mins
We are learning to identify the kinds of behavioural data a music platform could use for personalisation.

Recommendation systems do not need to ‘know you’ like a friend does. They can learn patterns from what people play, skip, save, search and repeat.

Your Task
  1. Imagine a fictional listener called Sam.
  2. List five actions Sam could take in a music app that create useful data.
  3. Beside each action, write what the platform might infer — and one reason that inference could be wrong.
  4. Star the data point you think gives the strongest signal of preference.
I can identify behavioural data and explain why an inference from that data can still be uncertain.
→ This gives you the inputs for your recommendation-system model.
Critical ThinkingData LiteracyAI Literacy
Step 2

People Like You — Songs Like This

️ Pattern game · 8–10 mins
We are learning to understand two simple ideas behind recommendations: similarity between users and similarity between items.

A recommender can look for people with similar behaviour or for songs that share useful characteristics. Real systems can combine many signals.

Your Task
  1. Create three fictional listeners and six songs.
  2. Give each listener a simple play/save pattern.
  3. Recommend one new song to each listener using people with similar behaviour.
  4. Now make a second recommendation using songs similar to ones they already liked.
  5. Compare the two results.
I can explain the difference between user-similarity and item-similarity approaches.
→ This becomes the core mechanism in your final explainer.
Problem SolvingCritical ThinkingData Literacy

Explore

Move from a classroom model to documented real-world recommendation systems and their trade-offs.
Step 3

How Does a Real Platform Explain Recommendations?

Choose your route · 10–15 mins
We are learning to verify how music recommendation systems are described by credible sources.

Recommendation systems are complex and change over time. Your job is to find what is documented rather than invent a secret formula.

Your Task
  1. Choose Spotify or another music/recommendation platform.
  2. Complete one research route.
  3. Record two signals or methods that credible sources say can influence recommendations.
  4. Write one thing the public source does not tell you.
⚡ Quick Track

Use one official or highly credible explanatory source. Record two recommendation signals or methods and explain them in your own words.

Dig Deeper

Compare an official explanation with an independent technical or journalistic source. Note where they agree and one detail that remains uncertain or proprietary.

I can separate documented recommendation signals from guesses about a platform’s algorithm.
→ This gives your final piece evidence and an important uncertainty.
ResearchVerificationAI Literacy
Step 4

When Personalisation Becomes a Bubble

️ Scenario debate · 10–12 mins
We are learning to evaluate benefits and risks of personalised recommendation.

Personalisation can help people discover music they love. It can also repeatedly reinforce familiar tastes, amplify popular content or make platform choices feel neutral when they are not.

Your Task
  1. Create two columns: Useful personalisation and Possible downside.
  2. Add at least three points to each.
  3. Choose one design change that could increase discovery or user control.
  4. Explain one trade-off your change creates.
I can give a balanced judgement about recommendation systems and propose one design improvement.
→ This gives your final explainer a critical-thinking section.
Critical ThinkingEthical ReasoningDigital Citizenship

Create & Share

Create a clear explanation of the recommendation loop without pretending you know a platform’s secret formula.
Step 5

Explain the Recommendation Engine

✏️ Model · Create · 25–35 mins
We are learning to communicate how a music recommender can turn behaviour into suggestions without pretending the system is magic.

Your finished piece should show data → patterns → recommendation → feedback and include one benefit, one limitation and one uncertainty.

Your Task
  1. Use your fictional listener or create a new one.
  2. Include at least two types of behavioural signal.
  3. Show how a recommendation could be generated and how the next user action creates new data.
  4. Include one limitation from Step 4.
  5. Choose one format below.
Algorithm Flow
1 page · 50–80 words + diagram
⏱ 25–30 mins

Show the loop from behaviour to recommendation to new behaviour.

Recommendation Explainer
4 slides · maximum 30 words per slide
⏱ 30–35 mins

Explain inputs, pattern matching, output and one limitation.

‘Why Did I Get This Song?’
90 seconds final runtime
⏱ 30–35 mins

Answer the question for a fictional listener using plain language and one verified platform detail.

I can create a clear, evidence-informed model of how music recommendations can work.
→ This is your finished mission output.
Critical ThinkingCommunicationAI Literacy
Step 6

Reflect, Apply, Look Forward

️ Think or discuss · 5–8 mins
We are learning to reflect on how algorithms influence discovery and choice.

Recommendations are useful because they reduce choice overload — but that means platform design can shape what becomes visible.

Your Task
  1. Answer the three prompts.
  2. Change one setting or behaviour you could use to make your own recommendations more intentional.
  3. Write one question you would ask a recommendation-system designer.
Reflect

Which part of recommendation systems felt less ‘magical’ once you modelled it?

Apply

How could you deliberately widen what a recommendation system learns about your interests?

Look Forward

How might generative AI change music discovery and recommendation over the next few years?

I can explain how personalisation can support and shape user choice at the same time.
→ Next, you will use data and geography to decide why a major tour might choose some cities and not others.
ReflectionDigital CitizenshipCritical Thinking
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TOOLKIT

Choose Your Tools

Use the tools available to you. Strong thinking and evidence matter more than a particular app.

Explore

Use Spotify or another music platform only if permitted. You can complete the challenge without a personal account by using screenshots, public explanations or a fictional listener profile.

Research

Use credible explanations of recommender systems, personalisation and music discovery. Verify claims about how a specific platform works.

Create

Use a flow diagram, slides, one-page explainer, audio or video.

Educator / Parent Notes

Age, Stage and Prior Learning: Designed for S1–S3. No coding or machine-learning knowledge is required.
Before You Start: The challenge can be completed without learner accounts on Spotify or any other platform. Use fictional data or public sources where needed.
How to Open This: Ask learners: “What could a music app learn from you without ever asking what music you like?” List behavioural signals.
Scheduling: Steps 1–4 need about 35–45 minutes. Step 5 needs 25–35 minutes.
If a Pupil Gets Stuck: Use a tiny worked example with two listeners and three songs. Keep the focus on patterns rather than mathematical notation.
For Fast Finishers: Introduce cold-start problems, popularity bias or the difference between optimising for satisfaction and optimising for time spent.
Marking Guidance: Look for correct distinction between observed behaviour and inferred preference, a plausible recommendation mechanism, verified claims about real platforms and balanced discussion of personalisation.

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